These were constructed using relatively simple excavation tools, without the benefit of advanced engineering technologies. Between the 7th and 14th centuries, they also built and maintained extensive irrigation networks along the lower Salt and middle Gila rivers that rivaled the complexity of those used in the ancient Near East, Egypt, and China. The Hohokam seem to have constructed an assortment of simple canals combined with weirs in their various agricultural pursuits. Within a larger context, the Hohokam Culture area inhabited a central position between the Patayan Culture, situated along the Lower Colorado River and in southern California the Trincheras Culture of Sonora, Mexico the Mogollon Culture located in eastern Arizona, southwest New Mexico, and northwest Chihuahua, Mexico as well as the Anasazi Culture in northern Arizona, northern New Mexico, southwest Colorado, and southern Utah. Collectively, the Core and Peripheries formed what is referred to as the hoekam regional system, which occupied the northern or Upper Sonoran Desert in what is now Arizona. This is referred to as the Hohokam Core Area, as opposed to the Hohokam Peripheries or adjacent regions into which the Hohokam Culture extended. As an abstract construct, this culture was centered on the middle Gila River and lower Salt River drainages, in what is known as the Phoenix basin. The term Hohokam, borrowed from the Akimel O'odham, is used to define an archaeological culture that existed from the beginning of the current era to about the middle of the 15th century AD. Recent work among the Sobaipuri, ancient ancestors of the modern Pima, indicates that Pima groups were present in this region at the end of the Hohokam sequence.Ī map showing the extent of Culture both ! Core and Periphery, in relation to the Anasazi and Mogollon cultures. National Park Service Website, Hohokam is a Pima (O'odham) word used by archaeologists to identify a group of people who lived in the Sonoran Desert of North America.Īccording to local oral tradition, the Hohokam may be the ancestors of the historic Akimel O'odham and Tohono O'odham peoples in Southern Arizona. Gladwin, who applied the existing O'odham term, to classify the remains he was excavating in the Lower Gila Valley. The culture was differentiated from others in the region in the 2000s by archaeologist Harold S. Variant spellings in current, official usage include Hobokam, Huhugam and Huhukam.
Many local residents put the accent on the first syllable (ho'-ho-kahm). Hohokam (hə-hō'kəm) is one of the four major prehistoric archaeological Oasisamerica traditions of what is now the American Southwest. Photo of the Great House at the Casa Grande Ruins National Monument.
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